Fermions and bosons

• A boson is a minimally-structured propagating wave, and
• A fermion is a point event where bosons meet specific criteria.

Compositionally, we can construct bosons and fermions in a structured manner from waves in the fundamental b axis (figs.1,2):

• 2 waves = 1 boson;
• 2 bosons = 1 fermion event.

Basic phenomenology

1. Fermions are point-like events, constituted from bosons that propagate as discrete vacuum energy.
2. A boson comprises two bound waves in one axis, $b$.
3. Fermions are snapshots of boson states, where a condition of quantization is fulfilled by two bosons at a unique point. This is how we generate discrete events from continuous waves.
4. Each fermion has a minimum of two bosons entering the event, and two bosons leaving the event, forming a matter network when such bosons are extended to other fermions.
5. Each boson has an intrinsic mass-energy, which imposes a phase modulation on all other bosons where they overlap. This enables conditions for quantization, and consequently the position of collapse, which can be quantified in several types of action.
6. All processes of matter are constitution-invariant, i.e. the same fundamental processes are at work, whether we're looking at a steady state, or a change of constitution. Our model allows accountable re-encoding of matter while conserving the foundational elements.

Conserved constitution of fundamental particles

A fermion is conserved when its constituents return to form another instance of the fermion.

In fig.3, the fermion A has two bosons which collapse by interacting with vacuum bosons at events B and C, which respectively radiate as bosons, and collapse at D. So, the fermion re-constituted at D, from A, with spatial displacement $dx$. The points A–D are the fermionic states of Zitterbewegung, with the vacuum interactions contributing a 'pressure' for the constitution, as found in the Casimir effect.

Entities of the standard model

The three charge types are emergent properties of the mechanism, but they are not abstract; they have traceable origins in the collapse of waves, conservation of constitution, and exchange of waves with vacuum. Field and action effects are emergent from the basic mechanics.

Electromagnetism

Magnetic currents emerge when vacuum waves interchange with fermion constituents.

Photons are paired boson impulses, absorbed by structures like their emitters, having a frequency that may be derived from a sparse sampling of impulses

Electro-weak: Z and W bosons

Electro-weak symmetry breaking (EWSB) is an instinsic part of any fermion's reconstitution process. In fig.3:

• W bosons are the non-excluded waves, which can interact immediately after A or $t_0$.
• The Z boson comprises the two excluded waves in zone (a), one in each fundamental boson. The excluded waves cannot interact until EWSB at B or $t_2$, where one boson is disentangled by an external boson, and this allows the other part of the Z boson to interact. This new availability appears to 'create mass'.

Gravitation

Gravitational interactions are emergent from wave collapse resulting from the coupling of the particles' own waves with those of the flux generated by 'classically organised' bodies.

We are confident that this can be reconciled into a unified mechanism.

Matter in space-time networks

Schematically, matter forms a connected network of fermions in space-time, the resolved bosons being simple connecting propagators. Bosons will only connect fermions that are on the same world lines. Rather than this being a coincidence, it is better to think of world lines as a requirement for coupling, with bosons always propagating at light speed. When we view this matter network from the perspective of a boson we find that the boson connects two fermions, and when viewed from the perspective of a fermion, we find that a fermion is formed from two bosons and emits two bosons; the two bosons pass continuously through the fermion event.

Interpretations

General picture

Our interpretation of quantum mechanics is (pre)deterministic, Bohm-like (except we do not separate wavefunctions from instances; they are the same thing to us, dualled in ‘quanta’ oscillators that comprise the totality of the mass-energy). The observer has limited knowledge of the matter network, resulting in a picture of probabilities for future collapses, which are realised regardless of observers.

Foundations and philosophy

In more abstract and philosophical terms, this mechanism can explain how and why many fermions may exist and couple. It was derived from the need to allow more than one entity to exist uniquely among others without ambiguity in resolving their differences. The developmental path started at group theory, symmetry breaking, Noether's Theorem and conservation laws, via an inferred Exclusion Principle. This means that many important principles are implicit in the design of the model, which can be adequately traced and reconciled to its foundations and to high-level concepts in physics. [More...]

Matter network

1. A closed system is one where all bosons are connected to known fermions, and vice versa. A practical system is likely to be open, due to the nature of the vacuum.
2. Persistent states are repeatedly re-constituted, and all fundamental bosons propagate at 'light speed'. Even classically stationary particles obey this rule; outgoing bosons form nearby fermions, and return as the same bosons.
3. We regard the universe as a multitude of bosons, the fermions being the interaction events. Such a universe does not need a 'multiverse' to resolve quantum futures; quantum effects can be reconstructed without using contentious principles, and can be explained in terms of pairs of waves forming fermions.
4. Quantum formulations and classical physics emerge naturally from the fundamental propositions.

Classical velocity

The classical velocity for one complete jump is $dx/dt$ despite the constituent bosons propagating at light speed. More iterations may result in a respectively lower aggregated classical velocity, as vectors cancel out. Note that fig.3 simplifies spatial dimensionality, and the actual displacement would depend on propagation angles.

Wavefunctions

The wavefunction depends on all non-excluded waves in A–B, A–C, B–D, C–D, and vacuum expectation values. This is further partitioned by the symmetry breaking of either A–B or A–C (seemingly spontaneous, but it comes from instances of vacuum energy), and optionally from symmetry-breaking interactions (not shown in fig.3) of the unbroken bosons from B and C that are emitting into vacuum. The physical process, associated with the partitioning, collapses the interacting boson and switches on the newly-available wave, from the same source, that was previously excluded.